Gravitational Fields

Einstein's widely accepted perspective on gravity views it as a field, which implies that it is a spatial quantity present at every coordinate. In everyday language, we seldom refer to fields; instead, we prefer to aggregate quantities, labeling them by their general locations, such as "room temperature." In contrast, a field is defined by varying values at every infinitesimal point in space, as illustrated in Fig. 1 for a two-dimensional field.

The labels in Fig. 1 have been intentionally left out to emphasize that these represent positions in space, applicable to any chosen coordinate system. Common systems include number lines, polar, cylindrical, homogeneous, and Cartesian coordinates. Einstein utilized such a framework to articulate the existence of gravity within the coordinates of spacetime. His contributions culminated in what we now recognize as Einstein's Field Equations, typically presented in tensor form:

Eq. (1)

In this equation, Rₐ represents Ricci's tensor, R its trace, gₐ is the spacetime metric, Tₐ denotes the matter-energy momentum tensor (including the cosmological constant), G is Newton's universal gravitational constant, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. Notably, Eq. (1) is termed the field equations—plural—indicating that it can be decomposed into ten distinct equations. One method to break down Eq. (1) involves Taylor series expansion, introduced by British mathematician Brook Taylor in 1715.

Einstein's field equations are notoriously complex and computationally demanding. Remarkably, Einstein himself doubted the possibility of ever arriving at an exact solution to these equations. Nevertheless, he endeavored to find approximate solutions, often hindered by the limitations of the computational resources of his time.

Despite these challenges, significant progress was made, with Karl Schwarzschild presenting the first exact solution in 1915—coincidentally, the same year Einstein published the field equations. The solutions to Einstein's equations are referred to as metrics; thus, the Schwarzschild solution is known as the Schwarzschild metric. This outcome leads to the concept of the Schwarzschild radius rₛ, which defines the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole.

Eq. (2)

Numerous other solutions to Einstein's equations have emerged over time, including the Reissner–Nordström, Kerr, and Kerr-Newman metrics, each corresponding to different types of black holes. To summarize this section, characterizing gravity as a field does not directly answer the question of its origin; rather, it indicates its location within our universe.

Gravity as a Curvature in Space

Another perspective on gravity is to consider it a curvature within the spacetime matrix created by massive objects. This interpretation is prevalent, though it can obscure the underlying cause of gravitational attraction, as previously described by Isaac Newton. For instance, if two objects of varying masses are positioned at the same elevation, the reason for their attraction may not be immediately clear.

In essence, the combined understanding of Newtonian and Einsteinian gravity suggests that while Newton viewed gravity as a force between masses, Einstein quantified it in terms of the "depression" or vortex effect created by massive objects in the spacetime matrix. Consequently, smaller masses gravitate toward the created vortex.

Spacetime-f: The Extension of Spacetime

This section aims to demonstrate that for every coordinate x,y,z,t utilized in Einstein's depiction of the gravitational field, there exists an additional frequency term that reveals wave-like properties.

It is widely accepted that our universe consists of pure frequencies, although this notion has yet to gain significant traction in mathematical logic, particularly concerning larger objects. For example, methods to estimate the wave properties of elementary particles, such as de Broglie and Compton wavelengths, have been established. Compton's approach is particularly groundbreaking, as it allows precise measurements of the rest mass of particles that would otherwise be challenging to determine.

According to Compton scattering, the wavelength of a particle corresponds to the wavelength of a photon with equivalent energy to its mass, represented as follows:

Eq. (3)

Here, h denotes Planck's constant, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. However, it is crucial to note that Eq. (3) applies solely to single, homogeneous particles rather than composite ones. Consequently, applying this equation to larger celestial bodies, such as Earth, may yield trivial and less intuitive results.

To extend this framework to larger objects, we need an equivalent of the Compton formula for substantial masses. This can be achieved by incorporating an exact solution to Einstein's field equations, allowing us to express the Compton wavelength equivalent for any object, regardless of its size, as follows:

Eq. (4)

In this equation, rₛ is the Schwarzschild radius, and wave numbers can be derived by taking the reciprocal, κ=1/λ. A range of nearby planetary bodies is summarized in Table 1, following the same methodology.

Table 1: Gravitational field frequencies of nearby planetary bodies

The first advantage of converting massive objects into their equivalent single-particle Compton wavelengths is the ability to obtain their associated radio frequencies via the classical electromagnetic wave relation, f=c/λ. Remarkably, this facilitates estimating Newtonian gravitational potential, g, as follows:

Eq. (5)

This approach holds for every celestial body, whether a planet, moon, neutron star, or black hole, as it can be traced back to the fundamental principles of Newtonian gravity. This is achievable through the following steps:

Eq. (6)

Here, M represents the mass of the object in question. The second advantage lies in the capacity to characterize celestial bodies, from planets to black holes, and even locate them through radio frequency mapping (radar). Using Eq. (5), we can derive the radii with the following method:

Eq. (7)

The minimum value for r in Eq. (4) is rₛ, meaning any object with a radius equal to or smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is classified as a black hole. In such cases, Eq. (4) can be further simplified to λ = 2rₛ, implying that the characteristics of a black hole, such as mass, energy density, and Schwarzschild radius, can be estimated once radio frequencies are determined. For Schwarzschild black holes, gravitational radii and masses can be estimated as follows:

Eq. (8)

It is understood that stars, including our sun, gradually exhaust their nucleosynthetic power, ultimately leading to the formation of a black hole at their core. If we were to model this process using our methodology, we would allow the wavelength to recede by a given amount Δh=λ-r at any moment. The resulting metric solution can be expressed as follows:

Eq. (9)

This indicates that an object will not form a black hole as long as the difference Δh between its radius and corresponding wavelength exceeds rₛ. The primary challenge in obtaining wave frequencies related to gravitational fields lies in the potential lack of accurate detection tools, given that these frequencies are ultra-low and reside at the extremes of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The frequencies we seek are located at the extreme right of Fig. 3, indicating long wavelengths and low energies, on the order of nano Hertz. For Earth, this value is approximately 32.71 nano Hertz, with Jupiter at 77.05 and Pluto at 2.335 nano Hertz.

Additionally, it is important to note that the universal gravitational constant is not truly universal, as traditionally believed. Instead, it is relative to the specific planet where calculations are performed. This implies that the constant 6.6743E-11 is applicable only on Earth and serves as a variable for each massive object, proportional to its size r, mass M, and the surrounding frequencies discussed in this article.

Eq. (10)

This observation highlights the difficulties encountered when attempting to apply general relativity to quantum mechanics, where G may fall within the range of 10E-54.

Conclusion

There are compelling arguments suggesting that every coordinate within a gravitational field, as described by Einstein's concept of spacetime, can be associated with wave properties. When leveraged effectively, these properties enable further characterization of the gravitational field. Specifically, massive objects within a gravitational field tend to emit a wavelength that is considerably larger than their own radii.

These wavelengths correspond to radio frequencies that, if properly mapped, can provide insights into a variety of properties associated with the gravitational fields in which these objects exist. This methodology has been termed spacetime-f, as it introduces a response frequency variable fᵣ that is quantifiable for every coordinate x, y, z, and t. Thus, mass is no longer the sole indicator of curvatures in spacetime; the presence of these radio frequencies also emerges as a valuable candidate for exploration in space.

A successful understanding and application of these methods could pave the way for advancements in technologies such as sound navigation and detection ranging (sonar, sodar, and radar) on microscale levels, along with possibilities for anti-gravitational innovations.

The first video titled "Einstein Field Equations - for beginners!" offers a simplified overview of Einstein's pivotal contributions to gravitational theory, making it accessible for those new to the subject.

The second video, "How Mass WARPS SpaceTime: Einstein's Field Equations in Gen. Relativity," delves deeper into the implications of mass on the curvature of spacetime, providing an in-depth understanding of Einstein's theories and their significance.