Unlocking Antioxidant Power: A Deep Dive into Cellular Defense
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Chapter 1: Understanding Antioxidants and Their Origins
The body's defense against oxidative damage starts at the cellular level. Surprisingly, our cells have the remarkable ability to generate their own antioxidants.
Our physiology is constantly engaged in a balance between reduction and oxidation (redox). This involves numerous reactions wherein electrons are transferred between different molecules. When electrons are removed from a substance, it is said to be oxidized, while adding electrons reduces another substance.
For instance, during the detoxification of ethanol—the type of alcohol found in beverages—the liver extracts two electrons from each ethanol molecule. The first electron removal converts ethanol into acetaldehyde, and the second transforms acetaldehyde into acetate, which is later excreted in urine.
More about antioxidants and pro-oxidants can be found in the following video:
Section 1.1: The Role of Pro-Oxidants in Cellular Function
Our bodies consist of approximately 38 trillion cells, each capable of producing both pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Pro-oxidants, which can oxidize other biological molecules, are mainly produced in the mitochondria when their electron transport chain operates inefficiently. These pro-oxidants are often referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS).
According to research, "Reactive oxidants are produced from numerous sources within the cell, either under normal conditions or due to exposure to harmful substances." This implies that upon encountering toxins or stressors, our cells generate ROS in response to these threats.
However, not all ROS are detrimental. Controlled production of these molecules can serve essential signaling functions within the body, governing processes such as cell division and immune response. Yet, when their production becomes excessive, it can lead to oxidative stress, negatively affecting cellular functions and contributing to illnesses like cancer and chronic diseases.
Subsection 1.1.1: The Balance of ROS in Health
The nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway plays a crucial role in regulating the body's antioxidant defenses. It is known as the primary transcription factor that safeguards cells against oxidative stress by modulating genes responsible for producing antioxidants, particularly glutathione (GSH).
GSH acts to neutralize the pro-oxidants generated from various stressors, thus helping to maintain a state of equilibrium in the body. This internal recycling system allows for the active form of GSH to counterbalance the harmful effects of ROS throughout the cell's life span.
In contrast, dietary antioxidants like Vitamin C are limited in their capability to manage ROS. While Vitamin C can only handle the transfer of two electrons at a time, GSH can effectively regenerate Vitamin C, reinforcing its antioxidant role.
Chapter 2: The Importance of Antioxidants in Immune Function
The second video explores the significance of glutathione as one of the most powerful antioxidants in the body, highlighting how it plays a vital role in immune function.
The continuous production of GSH is essential, particularly when the body faces inflammatory responses or infections. Excessive ROS can lead to conditions like cytokine storms, which have been observed during viral infections, including COVID-19.
Research indicates that "Factors contributing to cytokine dysregulation include the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)." An overproduction of ROS can result in acute lung injuries, significantly impacting health.
While both GSH and Vitamin C help combat ROS, GSH's ability to regenerate Vitamin C makes it a more potent ally in supporting immune health. Certain nutrients can enhance Nrf2 activity in our cells, including:
- Alpha-lipoic acid
- Resveratrol
- Curcumin
- Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
- Rutin
- Quercetin
- Hesperetin
A patented blend of these nutrients, known as the InCelligence Complex, has been developed to optimize cell signaling and bolster the body's internal antioxidant defenses.
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Joel Yong, Ph.D., is a biochemical engineer and educator with a focus on elucidating the complex biochemical mechanisms that underpin health and disease. He has authored multiple eBooks and journal articles aimed at demystifying scientific concepts for a general audience. Subscribe to his mailing list for more insightful content!